Online role-playing games Essays

Online pretending games Essays Online pretending games Essay Online pretending games Essay Paper Topic: The Most Dangerous Game Online pretending games encourage correspondence with individual players to urge players to talk and build up interpersonal organizations. The most well known web based games, for example, World of Warcraft and EverQuest hinder collective endeavors, for example, societies and gathering missions, with the goal that players make a few online companions and convey for a noteworthy piece of the time, cooperating for group fight and rivalry purposes. Online PC game players that used to carry their companions to their rooms to have the option to play together no longer need to do as such. All they need to do presently is make a record in a web based game and sign in to converse with individuals what their identity is near or individuals who theyve never even observed. The online correspondence factor is especially alluring on the grounds that online players effectively all offer a typical inclination: they all affection web based games without a doubt. This mutual inclination gives different players a feeling of straightforwardness in their correspondence with different players since they share a typical intrigue. Since such huge numbers of players can be discovered online at some random time, different players won't get desolate and can generally associate with other online players on the off chance that they can't locate their standard colleagues. This continuous socialization between different players is one part of the game that makes it so vivid for players. Players can disregard their genuine lives and focus on their online characters and his social relations rather than their own. This is one of the numerous reasons why internet game players that fabricate informal organizations inside the game would stretch out their memberships to the game and play longer. Players that are a piece of societies or other parties have to be impact of their gathering. Since they would prefer not to fall behind in their status, they would be required to play for longer timeframes to progress in level and make up for lost time to different players in their gathering. Society pioneers, particularly, would have a lot of strain to play in view of their various obligations. One female player says, I stress over my game life as much as I stress over my reality. In the event that I am late jumping on, I feel like individuals will be frustrated with me. As an organization head, when clashes emerge individuals come to me to determine them. Individuals look to you to have occasions, assist them with getting things, journey, and so forth I attempt to satisfy everybody, except it is unreasonable to figure you can be wherever for everybody, keeping them all upbeat. It gets the chance to be a substantial weight to hold up under, and once in a while I end up in removes from dissatisfaction. I am a junkie. Will I quit? No. Why? Since I love it. 4 Females, particularly, have been seen as intrigued by a game for the most part as a result of the social communications between players. 5 Males, then again, for the most part appeared to be keen on mainstream MMORPGs on account of the fascination of a status of high force. The leveling of their players to turn out to be all the more remarkable drove guys to play for longer timeframes. Broad internet gaming is as of late being viewed as a major issue. On account of some extraordinary cases engaged with players who play broadly, China has actualized control guidelines of the time that players can stay online in their games. 7 Chinese players would now be able to stay online for three hours before their in-game advantages will be chopped down. Regarding the games, this would mean lessening the estimation of hardware found inside the game, or bringing down the intensity of the players character. Following five hours, players will be cautioned that their in-game advantages will be chopped down to zero and their symbols wellbeing will be harmed in the event that they keep on staying on the web. The most mainstream web based games consented to the playing controls; in spite of the fact that they didn't have a lot of decision as they need the administrations backing to offer internet games. In any case, numerous pundits and moderate online players feel that the framework isn't sufficient. This is a result of the huge provisos in the guidelines. Players can simply play until their time is up and afterward change characters to another profile. This is plausible for the huge number of dependent Chinese players. Control of online computer game fixation is fundamental for some got up to speed in the games. Numerous extraordinary instances of viciousness have happened in light of the fact that the players were dependent on the games. For instance, one kid whose interactivity was hindered by his younger sibling continued to execute his more youthful kin with a sledge since he had intruded on his game play. 9 One man, Shawn Woolley, shot himself to death after a deplorable misfortune happened in his game. 10 These are not segregated cases. Reports of computer game viciousness are visit and are a long way from being done. There are numerous reasons why players may fall back on such boundaries. Internet games, maybe, in their savage ongoing interaction, may befuddle players about the results of slaughtering and passing. Since dependent players will in general invest so much energy away from the real world and their loved ones, they may start to disregard how significant these individuals are to them, and when they become detached from their games they dismiss what to do and how to react to other people. One clinician from Stockton turned out to be so enveloped with the game in attempting to consider it, that he every now and again entered throughout the night meetings with the game before compelling himself to stop. 11 He says, Here I was in a decent situation to comprehend the issue but then I truly had to battle to beat this thing I can envision that someone with less information on these sorts of issues would truly make some hard memories understanding what was befalling them. Numerous players would get confounded at the need move brought into by the games, and some respond by disregarding their genuine lives and rather center exclusively around the game. Numerous online computer game players get themselves incapable to lead the remainder of their lives, regardless of whether they have rolled out the improvements important to free themselves of the game. This is a direct result of numerous reasons. Players who have become submerged in the games wind up encountering withdrawal side effects when they are away from their games. Additionally, players have unforeseen weakness and almost no social abilities. It turns out to be difficult for gamers to have social existences and create non-romantic and sentimental connections outside of their web based games. Players who have a past filled with broad gaming think that its difficult to respond to what others state to them and for the most part have little certainty. Most can't or reluctant to create sentimental connections in light of responsibility issues or a poor feeling of self-esteem. These gamers think that its hard to stand up to individuals up close and personal since they have not done as such for so long. Gamers think that its difficult to draw in others of the other gender since they don't feel certain conversing with others on the off chance that they are not on their PCs. Some may even lose the capacity to talk for all intents and purposes, since they have gotten so acclimated with talking regarding the game and with other internet gamers who talk in a similar style. Furthermore, players in secondary school may lose the remainder of their lives on the grounds that their broad gaming has demolished their odds to enter college or school. A few players lose the drive to do well scholastically and basically waste their future by playing computer games. One grown-up player clarifies the difficulty that his dependence on the game has cause for his calling and life, I am dependent on EQ and I loathe it and myself for it. At the point when I play I plunk down and play for at least 12 hours one after another, and I unavoidably feel remorseful about it, thinking there an enormous number of things I ought to do rather, such as perusing or assisting my training or seeking after my vocation. However, I cannot appear to support myself; it attracts me without fail. I have been jobless now for longer than a month and now wind up in an upsetting, discouraged express that is possibly suppressed when I am playing EQ, since its simple to disregard genuine difficulties and issues, however the issue is the point at which you return to this present reality, issues and inconveniences have increased, and its a terrible, awful cycle. 12 This is another noteworthy motivation behind why such a significant number of players feel that their internet games have demolished their lives. A few players may not find the opportunity to re-try their long periods of secondary school and end up with an average activity. Others may not achieve that level. Since such a significant number of players can drench themselves in their games without different interruptions, they will in general disregard the significance of their genuine lives. Players will in general disregard their loved ones, to make sure they can play their games for a couple of more hours. It is certain that web based games have destroyed a great many people groups lives and something must be done about it. In any case, the mentalities and conduct of the player before prologue to the game should likewise be examined. Players that experience the ill effects of ADHD and other mental issue may will in general become increasingly associated with these sorts of games since it permits them to escape from their genuine lives. Players with poor mental self view and low confidence additionally respond a similar way. For a portion of the dependent players, the game may not be altogether to blame. This is the principle motivation behind why such huge numbers of clinicians and enslavement specialists will not characterize online computer game fixation as the genuine article. Many despite everything trust it to be a joke that just occurs in extraordinary cases. Until further notice in any event, they might be correct. Be that as it may, it is additionally essential to consider the gaming society of numerous nations. South Korea and China are two of the most intensely gaming nations on the planet. China alone had a video gaming income of $633 million of every 2005. 13 For some innovation situated nations, for example, China and South Korea, gaming is a lifestyle. Therefore, it appears glaringly evident that the vast majority of the extreme instances of online computer game fixation would happen in these nations. In China, for instance, playing hooky to go to Internet Cafes is a standard propensity for a huge number of high-schoolers. 14 This sort of conduct begins social

Talking about the poem Let America be America Again, The New Colossus, Essay

Discussing the sonnet Let America be America Again, The New Colossus, and the novel Enrique's Journey - Essay Example Agreeing toHughes, the creator, he isn't simply speaking to the situation of the majority of the African Americans, yet in addition the minority bunches the monetarily impeded people I am the youngster, brimming with quality and expectation, Tangled in that old perpetual chain Of benefit, power, gain, of snatch the land † (6). Other than demonstrating open analysis to the out of line American life, the sonnet shows a beam of expectation that is yet to come in the yet to be accomplished American dream, â€Å"†¦America never was America to me, but then I swear this pledge America will be† (Hughes 8). This sonnet has been a significant motivation in the greater part of America’s conversation about the American dream and how it tends to be redrafted with the goal that every American individuals appreciate the fortunes of their property. As indicated by the sonnet, in as much as there have not been effective procedures in the accomplishment of this fantasy, an extraordinary expectation lingers palpably over the likelihood that at one point in time, this fantasy will be accomplished. The creator of the sonnet makes an affirmation that America must be left to itself; here, he stresses that the fantasy that used to be a guarantee by the nation ought to be left to drop by, particularly for the pioneer of the land, who chose to look for a home in a spot that he could be free. The creator takes note of that, â€Å"America was never America to me† (Hughes8).In his point of view, America is relied upon to return and become the incredible dream as indicated by the manner in which the visionaries put it, â€Å"great string place where there is love† (Hughes 6). In accomplishing its fantasy the manner in which the visionaries needed the land to be, the creator wishes that America can be a home for all individuals. He takes note of that the nation ought not have individuals that are dictators and rulers or those that need to smash others in their excursion to enormity. The creator stresses in the reiteration that, â€Å"It never was America to me† (Hughes 4). In his declaration, the creator of this sonnet wishes that America encapsulated

Multicultural Books free essay sample

Leah Chapman Literature Elementary Reading Task 8 Annotated List of Multicultural Books Craighead George, Jean. Julie of the wolves. Harper Publishers. 1972. New York, NY. Julie of the Wolves is a fiction novel that would be suitable from youngsters ages 10-14, or evaluations 5-8. It is a spellbinding story about a youthful Eskimo young lady who flees from home and ends up lost in the Alaskan tundra. The story portrays Julie’s battle for endurance just as the battle inside herself. She is conflicted between different sides of herself, and must choose whether she will be know as Julie, her white individuals name, or Miyax, the Eskimo young lady. This book would be viewed as in the pre-adulthood kind, just as the Native American class, as the book tells about Julie’s family and the â€Å"old ways† of Eskimo individuals and their lifestyle. This book got numerous honors including:  ·1973 John Newberry Medal  ·National Book Award finalist  ·One of the 10 Best Children’s Books in 200 Years (by the Children’s Literature Assoc. We will compose a custom exposition test on Multicultural Books or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page ) DePoala, Tomie. The legend of the indian paintbrush. G. P. Putnam‘s. 1988. New York, NY. The Legend of the Indian paintbrush is a bright delineation of the Native American Indian legend of the Indian paintbrush blossom and how it appeared. It is a children’s book that would be proper for a very long time birth-10 or evaluations K-4. The book is a re-recounting the legend of Little Gopher, a Native American kid who can't run or battle like his companions. Nonetheless, Little Gopher has a blessing most uniqueâ€he is an extremely capable craftsman. Little Gopher needs to paint a nightfall yet is forever discontent with the shades of his canvases until one night when he has a â€Å"dream vision† and he is told by the spirits where he can discover paint brushes loaded up with the shades of the dusk. He does, and he makes a delightful artful culminations. A while later, he throws the enchantment brushes everywhere throughout the slope, which root and become the excellent Indian Paintbrush blossoms. This book is unmistakably about Native American culture. Writer and artist Tomie DePoala has gotten various distinctions and grants however none explicitly for this book. Straight to the point, Anne. Anne Frank: The journal of a little youngster. Doubleday. 1953. New York, NY. Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl is a genuine self-portraying assortment of compositions from the journal of a youthful Jewish young lady named Anne Frank. This book would be generally proper for kids ages 11-18 or evaluations 5-12. The sections in the journal were composed between 1942-1944, the time during the Nazi-Occupation of the Netherlands toward the start of World War II. Anne Frank’s journal is one of the most moving and most suffering records of what occurred during the Nazi occupation and what was experienced by the families living secluded from everything during that time. Anne discloses to her journal (whom she nicknamed â€Å"Kitty†) every last bit of her insider facts, her dissatisfactions, and her goals to turn into a writer, which unfortunately, never happen, for after they are found, Anne and of her relatives are sent to a death camp where Anne kicks the bucket barely short of her sixteenth birthday celebration. This book will assist perusers with illustrating European life during World War II and the Nazi attacks, and offers a brief look into this violent time from a youthful person’s perspective. This would be viewed as a life account just as a book about European culture during the 1940’s. It was made into a full length movie in 1959 which collected various honors, including 3 Academy Awards. The book has gotten overall recognition and gathering and has been respected with numerous honors including:  ·1952 New York Times Best-Seller  ·1955 New York Times Best-Seller 1996 ALA Best Books for Young Adults Award  ·1997 Waterstones Books of the Century Award  ·2003 ALA Popular Paperbacks for Young Adults Award  ·2004 ALA Popular Paperbacks for Young Adults Award Jaffe, Nina. More established sibling, more youthful sibling. Viking Publishers. 1995. New York, NY. More seasoned Brother, Younger Brother is the re-recounting a mainstream Korean people story. This book would be proper for kids ages 4-8, or evaluations P-3. This book recounts to the narrative of the two siblings Nolbu and Hungbu. Nolbu is the more established sibling, and is exceptionally mean and remorseless. Hungbu is the most youthful, and not at all like Nolbu, is thoughtful and liberal. After their dad bites the dust, Nolbu acquires the family riches and ousts Hungbu and his family. The story tells how even through battle and dejection Hungbu stays kind and caring and thusly receives extraordinary benefits in view of his sort demonstrations. This story is fiction fables and gives youngsters understanding into Korean traditions and customs. Writer Nina Jaffe has gotten various honors and awards for her compositions and children’s books, yet none explicitly for this title. Krebs, Laurie. We as a whole went on safari: an including venture through Tanzania. Shoeless Books. 2003. Cambridge, MA. We as a whole Went on Safari: a Counting Journey through Tanzania is an exuberant rhyming book that takes youngsters on an energizing experience with the Maasai individuals through Tanzania. This book would be proper for kids ages 3-8 or evaluations P-3. In this book, kids are acquainted with the Swahili language just as the individuals and creatures local to the African nation of Tanzania. The rhyming content is praised by the brilliant bright delineations of the African prairies. This book is a fiction verse anecdote about Massai culture and life in Tanzania. Praises gave to this book include:  ·2003 Child magazine’s Best Book of the Year  ·2003 Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Gold Award Long, Loren. Otis. Philomel of The Penguin Group. 2009. New York, NY. Otis is an invented endearing story of a tractor named Otis who turns out to be closest companions with a youthful calf who lives on the homestead. This children’s book would be proper for kids ages 4-8 or evaluations P-2. This book is about Otis, who is a neighborly little tractor who adores his life on the ranch until he is supplanted by a major yellow tractor. Be that as it may, when Otis’s closest companion the little calf gets in a difficult situation, it is Otis, not the large yellow tractor, who acts the hero. This book gives great delineation of life on a ranch and rustic American culture. This book has gotten numerous honors including:  ·2010 Texas 2X2 Reading List, Recommended  ·2010 Indies Choice Awards, Finalist  ·2010 Buckaroo Book Award, Nominee  ·2010 Midwest Booksellers Choice Awards Winner 2010 Capitol Choices, Recommended  ·2012 Monarch Award, Nominee McDermott, Gerald. Anansi the creepy crawly: a story from the ashanti. Henry Holt Co. 1972. New York, NY. Anansi the Spider: A Tale From the Ashanti is a wonderful retelling of the conventional Ashanti folktale including the naughty insect Anansi and his six creepy crawly children. This book is proper for kids ages 3-9 o r evaluations P-3. This story is a record of Anansi, a loveable saint who is well known people story character in Ashanti stories in Africa. In the story, Anansi goes on an excursion and experiences numerous challenges. Every one of his children utilize their exceptional gifts and capacities to support their dad, and toward the end he needs to compensate them with an excellent sparkling globe he has found, however Anansi can’t choose which child merits the prize. This story is a children’s old stories book that will acquaint youthful perusers with Ashanti African culture. This book has been regarded with the accompanying honors:  ·1973 Caldecott Medal  ·1973 Lewis Carroll Shelf Award Politi, Leo. Three stalks of corn. Simon Schuster. 1994. New York, NY. Three Stalks of Corn is a children’s fiction storybook that recounts to the story f Angelica, a Hispanic legacy young lady who lives with her grandma and finds out about her legacy and the significant job of corn in their way of life. This book would be suitable for youngsters ages 4-10 or evaluations P-4. In Three Stalks of Corn, Angelica and her grandma live in Poco Riveria, California. The book informs how Angelica gets th e hang of concerning her legacy and her local nation when her grandma clarifies the entirety of the legends and the different uses for corn, and thusly, Angelica increases another comprehension and regard for the three stalks of corn developing Abuelita’s garden. The finish of this book highlights plans for making hand crafted tortillas and other corn dishes. This fiction book would be an extraordinary method to acquaint youthful perusers with Mexican or Hispanic culture. This book has not gathered any outstanding honors or acknowledgment. Spinelli, Jerry. Insane person McGee. Minimal Brown Books. 1990. New York, NY. Insane person McGee is a fiction novel about a stranded kid named Jeffery Lionel who flees from home and has many energizing undertakings, meets extraordinary and fascinating individuals, and eventually turns into a legend in his own patio. This book would be proper for youngsters ages 10-14 or evaluations 4-8. This book recounts to the account of Jeffery, a kid who is left a vagrant after a lamentable streetcar mishap executes both of his folks. Tired of living with his auntie and uncle, Jeffery flees from home. En route he makes numerous companions (and a couple of foes) and achieves many astonishing accomplishments, including breaking the racial hindrances between the quarreling East Side and West Side. This book acquaints understudies with many muddled subjects, for example, prejudice, vagrancy, and the quest for individual personality. This book is a convincing and testing read for both rudimentary and center school understudies and would be viewed as a book about urban American culture. This book has gathered a surprising number of grants including:  ·1990 Boston Globe-Horn Book Awards[-;0], Fiction Winner  ·1991 Carolyn W. Field Award[-;1]  ·1991 John Newbery Medal [-;2]  ·1993 Arkansas Charlie M

How to Choose Topic Response Essay Samples

How to Choose Topic Response Essay Samples Sticking to the proper working plan, you won't miss whatever matters. In truth, it is nothing of the kind. No matter your subject will be you should present your individual thoughts, nature and attitude. Unfortunately, the one thing that would need to be changed entirely would be the poem itself. When writing any form of academic assignment, you should consider a comprehensive outline, which will aid you to organize your ideas and ideas. One click immediate price quote I feel that, essentially, life is made up of collection of options. Therefore, when you finish a response or reaction essay, you're discuss your own personal ideas and feelings on the topic accessible. This poem contains metaphors and personification. A brief answer essay provides the college a helpful window into the applicant's interests. It's not surprising you've got zero idea on how best to compose a response if you've been assigned to compose this type of assignment for the very first time. There are the websites that are staffed by the ideal experts to find this type of example. Your response will have to be critical too, searching for. This statement is additionally an incorrect cause and result. When you check at two sentences, the outcome isn't ideal for the cause. Free answer, usually called essay, is a kind of question employed in tests in education, workplace, and government. The issue with the death penalty isn't simply that of moral. The Most Popular Topic Response Essay Samples A response essay permits a learner to react to an idea or information in an official way. Obviously, you can observe the phenomena of human laziness together with developed technology in some place. You also ought to plan your writing process the proper way. Look at both types of learning and determine which one is most appropriate for you. Even if a text uses a conventional structure, it's still worthwhile to consider whether there was space for improvement. There's no present proof that advancing technology will deteriorate the capacity of humans to think. Even in case you recognize a method as a all-mighty and it's extremely over-spec to your requirements, you can't find the result you desire. All the work is guaranteed through every step along the process. Topic Response Es say Samples - the Story Unlike the summary, it's composed of YOUR opinions in regard to the article being summarized. The subject for your very first paragragh ought to be in the very first and second sentence. A response is a typical writing assignment which often accompanies a summary. Thus, it is adequately developed and satisfactorily organized to show how the argument depends on questionable assumptions. Gossip, Lies and Topic Response Essay Samples The Common Application no longer takes a quick answer essay from many applicants, but a lot of colleges continue to incorporate the brief answer as a portion of a supplement. You may have a look at our Sample College Essays for additional information. In order to make an effective response essay, students must be persuasive, analytical, and include factual info. Personal Response to literature rides on the recognition of the theme in the part of literature. The Nuiances of Topic Response Essay Samples You wouldn't have to be concerned about the caliber of the job. You might easily utilize urban setting details along with using rural setting details. An overview of the work is subsequently offered in order to provide the reader a feeling of what the text is all about. Following this, a concise review of the work is presented so the reader, who's perhaps not acquainted with the text, will be aware of what the text is all about. The start of the Reaction essay ought to have an important tone, contains a thesis statement that describes the overall Reaction essay briefly and asserts your perspective. To structure an essay, you should simply adhere to the above mentioned format. Response essays don't have to be a sheer statement of view on a particular topic. Reaction essay, also referred to as a Response essay are typically hard to write on and are intended to express your views about a particular subject. Essay writing is usually practiced is schools. School Response it is not a breeze. Writing an essay is an essential role in academe life. Essays term papers dissertations and a lot more. Knowing the sections of an essay can't get you quite far though. It is very important to organize your essay the suitable way. Maybe you've written this kind of essay before. See an instance of a brief essay and a critique. The Tried and True Method for Topic Response Essay Samples in Step by Step Detail A response paper can be a fairly enjoyable assignment if you learn how to approach one. Response papers enable you to do something which other assignments don't. Although this essay is apparently carefully organized, it doesn't stick to the directions for the assigned task. These essays usually comply with a set structure, which we are going to be looking at in this lesson.

Database And Information Retrieval Assessment Task

SIT103 – Database and Information Retrieval Assessment Task 1 – Survey Report By Brett T Best (215125672) Question 1 A – Sequential Access Refers to the storage of records sorted by an ordered field. The records are serialized by a search key note that it does not need to be a primary key. Sequential file organisation is the simplest storage method according to [1]. The records are stored one after another and is used for small size files or information that could come in order. According to [2] this type of file organisation is not appropriate for interactive processing because you need to access all the records below the one you would like to read first. According to [3] inserting and deleting records is complicated and inefficient often requiring the shifting of a large number of records. Searching through the records is more efficient if the search condition is specified on the ordering field. The records can be of varying length and stored on magnetic tapes. B – Random Access Refers to the storage of records anywhere in a storage area that can be accessed directly without needing to search sequentially. According to [1] this file organisation depends on hashing as a mapping procedure however a collision resolution technique is needed; each of these techniques are crucial for this file organisation. According to [2] records are arranged in a logical order with a relationship between the key and record address often represented as F(key) âž ¤ Address. 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Time Periods Represented in The Kid and Iron Jawed Angels

New and exciting technologies have always played a huge role in the culture of American people. When the motion picture came out it was no surprise that both consumers and producers were more than happy to get in on the action. Back in the 1920’s film was still pretty new and was only in black and white with no sound, but the films were always accompanied by orchestral pieces to help set the mood. The art of movie-making has come a long way since then with the addition of not only color and audio, but new techniques and new ideas. Both The Kid and Iron Jawed Angels are very popular films about the early 1900’s. Although they share some common thoughts, but because they were made in two completely different time periods their focuses are†¦show more content†¦In the movie Charlie Chaplin plays a tramp who finds a baby that has been abandoned by an unfit mother. At first Chaplin tries to get rid of the baby, but when that fails he decides to take him in as his own . The movie then skips ahead to when the boy is about five years old and shows Chaplin and the kid scamming their neighbors by breaking their windows and then making them pay for Chaplin to fix them. One day the kid gets sick so Chaplin calls a doctor who, after seeing the kid’s living conditions’ calls the police to have the child taken away. The rest of the movie is about Chaplin’s journey to rescue the kid and ends with a dramatic reuniting scene. Although being set in the same time period, Iron Jawed Angels and The Kid are almost nothing alike. They were both accurate in their portrayal of the time period in which the movies take place, but they accomplished this in totally different ways. First of all, The Kid was through the eyes of a man. This man has a kid and is living a poorer life than most, and his main concern in life is to just make it through the day. Considering that unemployment was just starting to take a dramatic rise in America, and that the living conditions were very poor, The Kid is a great representation of the time period in its own way. In Iron Jawed Angels the film is being portrayed from a women’s point of view. Not just any women though, but the

Magnetic Field and Cathode Ray Tube Essay Example For Students

Magnetic Field and Cathode Ray Tube Essay Experiment 4 Measurement of e by Thomsons bar magnet method. m Apparatus: Cathode ray tube (CRT) with power supply unit, one pair of bar magnets, high resistance voltmeter, magnetometer, stopwatch. Purpose of experiment: ? e? To measure the specific charge, i. e. charge to mass ratio ? ? , of an electron using ? m? Thomsons bar magnet method. Basic methodology: Electrons in a CRT are deflected in the vertical direction by applying a potential between the vertical deflection plates of the CRT. A magnetic field perpendicular to the deflecting electric field is produced using a pair of bar magnets. The position of the magnets is adjusted so as to cancel the deflection of the electrons. The knowledge of the deflecting potential and the magnet field of the bar magnets leads to a calculation of the specific charge. I. Introduction We have learnt that the electron has a negative charge whose magnitude e equals 1. 6 ? 10? 19 Coulomb and mass (m) equal to 9. 1 ? 10 ? 31 Kg. Millikans Oil Drop method enables us to measure the electron charge but the mass of the electron can not be measured directly. It is calculated by measuring the value of e/m. The aim of this experiment is to determine value of e/m by Thomsons method. This involves the motion of an electron in a cathode ray tube (CRT). A simplified form of a cathode ray tube is shown in Fig. 1. The electrons are emitted from the cathode and accelerated towards the anode by an electric field. A hole in the accelerating anode allows the electrons to pass out of the electron gun and between the two sets of deflection plates. The metallic coating inside the tube shields the right end free of external electric fields and conducts away the electrons after they strike the fluorescent screen where they form a luminous spot. Plates for Plates for vertical Focusing Anode horizontal deflection Accelerating deflection Anode Control Grid Electron Beam Metallic Coating Fluorescent Screen Heater Cathode Electron Gun Fig. 1 I. 2 This experiments can be divided into the two followings parts: 1. 2. The electric field (E) is applied alone. This produces a deflection of the electron beam. A magnetic is simultaneously applied along with the electric field so the deflection produced by the electric field is exactly counter-balanced by that produced by the magnetic field. As a result the spot made by the electron on the fluorescent screen returns back to the central position. Fig. 2 Fig. 2 Let us consider an electron moving in the direction of magnetic meridian (say x. -axis) with a velocity v0 m/s after passing through the accelerating anode. Under the action of the electrostatic field E = V/s (s being the vertical distance between the plates VV and V the deflecting voltage) each electron, as it passes between the plates, is acted upon by a perpendicular force eE. As a result the electron moves along a parabolic path AB (Fig. 2). The equation of motion is ? d2y? m? 2 ? = eE , ? dt ? ? ? which, upon integrating once with respect to time, gives (1) dy ? v0 ? ? = (eE / m )t ? dx ? (2) where v0 = dx/dt is the constant horizontal velocity. Here we also used the initial condition dy/dx = 0 at point A and time t=0. At any point distant x (=v0t) from point A in the field between the plates VV, eq. (2) gives dy ? eE ? ?x =? dx ? mv0 2 ? ? ? (3) On leaving the electrostatic field at point B (i. e. x=a), the electron moves along the tangential path BC with its velo city making an angle ? with the horizontal. Clearly, ? dy ? tan? = tan FBC = ? ? = ? dx ? at po int B ? eE ? ? ? ? mv 2 ? a ? 0 ? = tangent to the curve AB at point B (4) The electron finally strikes the screen at the point C (Fig. 2). The total vertical deflection of the electron y = CF + FO. Now CF = BF tan ? = L tan ? = eEaL . 2 mv0 (5) On the other hand, by eq. (3), we have ? eEx ? eEa 2 ? dx = BD = ? dy = ? ? ? mv 2 ? 2 mv02 ? 0 ? (6) Therefore the total displacement (y) in the spot position on the screen S due the application of electric field between the plates VV is y = CF + F O = CF +BD y= Thus eEa ? a ? + L? 2 ? mv0 ? 2 ? (7) e = m 2 v0 y ? a ? Ea? + L ? 2 ? ? (8) Hence, if the velocity of electron along the X-axis (v0) is known, the value of e/m can be calculated. I. 3 Let B be the magnetic field produced by the two bar magnets placed symmetrically on either side of the cathode ray tube at a distance d from it. The magnetic field of the bar magnets will be in the east-west direction. The magnetic force on the electron is given by F = ? e v ? B . This sets up a force Bev0 on the moving electron along the y direction. As a result, the electrons path becomes circular, with radius of curvature r given by 2 mv0 = Bev0 . r ( ) (9) When the forces on the electron beam due to electric and magnetic field are equal and opposite, the electron beam will be undeflected. Discrimination Everywhere! EssayReverse the deflection voltage and (with magnets removed) note the deflection of the spot. Place the magnets on the scale and find the value of d for which the spot returns to its initial position. Repeat the above steps for three different spot positions (Note: The deflection voltage should not exceed 375 Volts) PART B: Determination of time period of oscillation of magnetometer needle Align the wooden arm on which the magnetometer is placed along the magnetic meridian and place the magnets along the scales in the EW direction at the same distance d as in Part A. Note the equilibrium deflection ? 0. With a third magnet, slightly disturb the needle from its equilibrium position and measure the time period of oscillations T. Now remove the magnets and let the needle come to equilibrium at 00 – 0 0 position. Disturb the needle about this equilibrium position and measure the time period T0 of the oscillations. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. Precautions: The cathode ray tube should be accurately placed with its longitudinal axis in the magnetic meridian. The spot on the screen should not be allowed to remain at a given position on the screen for a long time. There should not be any other disturbing magnetic field near the apparatus. While taking the observations for time periods, the maximum angular displacement of the magnetic needle should not exceed 40-50 degrees. Exercises and Viva Questions. Study the working of a CRT. What is the a typical value of accelerating voltage used in a CRT ? Estimate the velocity v0 of the electron. What will happen to the spot if a sounsidally time varying voltage is applied to the deflecting plates VV or HH? What will happen if such a voltage (of the same frequency) is applied simultaneously to the horizontal and vertical deflection plates? Draw a neat diagram showing the 3-dimensional orientations of vectors of the electrons horizontal velocity, the electric field, the magnetic field, the electric force on the electron and magnetic force as the electron moves in the CRT. Orient your diagram according to the experimental set-up. If the deflecting voltage is switched off but the bar magnets kept in place, will there be a deflection of the spot? Describe qualitatively the motion of the electron in the CRT from aperture to screen. III. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Describe the motion of the electron in the CRT in the presence of the deflecting voltage magnetic fields of the magnets. What is the effect of the Earths magnetic field on the electron motion? What would happen if the apparatus were rotated by 90 ° so that the CRT is along the E-W direction. Consider a dipole  µ aligned with a magnetic field. If the dipole is given a small angular displacement, then it experiences a restoring torque ? =  µBsin? where ? is the angle between the dipole and magnetic field. Considering small displacements ? , show that  µB the dipole will oscillate about the equilibrium with angular frequency , I being its I moment of inertia. Recalculate the integral I (eq. 12)) assuming that the magnetic field of the magnet is a constant B = Bm. Use this to recalculate the specific charge e/m. Does our approximate evaluation of I improve the evaluation of e/m? What are the sources of error in this experiment? How does your result compare with the e/m measurement by Thomson’s method? Which experiment is more accurate? 1. 2. â€Å"Advanced Practical Physics for Studentsâ₠¬ , B. L. Worsnop and H. T. Flint, Metheun London, 1942. â€Å"Physics†, M. Alonso and E. J. Finn, Addison Wesley, 1992. 8. 9. 10. References: Experiment 4: Measurement of e by Thomsons bar magnet method m Observations and Results Observations: Constant values: Length of plate, a = 2 cm Distance to screen from plate, L = 16. 0 cm Distance between the plates, S = 0. 4 cm Horizontal component of Earths magnetic fields BE = 3. 53 ? 10? 5 T. PART A: Measurement of deflection y: Initial position of spot, y0 = _____________ cm (specify +ve or –ve). Table 1 Displaced position of spot y1 (cm) Direct Reverse Displacement of spot y = y 1? y0 Direct Reverse Position of magnet d (cm) Direct Reverse Applied Voltage V (volts) Mean displacement y (cm) Mean d (cm) PART B: Determination of Time period Table 2 No. of oscillations = _______________ With Magnets Without Magnets S. No Total time T0 d =_____cm d =_____cm d =_____cm ?0 = ____deg Total time T ?0 = ____deg Total time T ?0 = ____deg Total Time T 1 2 3 Mean T0 Mean T All time measurements are in seconds Calculations  §a  · ? + L ? a Vy e  ©2 ? = m SI 2 Displacement d(cm) Bm = T BE sin ? 0 T 2 0 2 2 I = Bm ? d d 2 + Lo ? d 2 ?  «  »  ¬ ? Results: Calculated value of specific charge of electron Standard value of e = _____________ C/kg. 1. 759X1011 m e = ___________ C/kg. m % error in e = ___________________ m

DIABETES Essays - Cavite, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Carmona

DIABETES: SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM A Research Presented to the Department of Arts and Sciences Cavite State University - Carmona Carmona , Cavite In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Business Management Major in Marketing Management Remi Ann T. Culaban Rene Caves E. Davide Maribelle V. Degala Juliet Lee Dumaing Angel Egaran November 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are really grateful because we managed to complete our General Chemistry research within the time given by our lecturer Professor Earl Cyril G. Rosaldo . This research cannot be completed without the effort and cooperation form our group members, Remi Ann, Rene Caves, Maribelle, Juliet, and Angel. We would like to thank our school librarian for allowing us to use book references from the library about smooth endoplasmic reticulum , Last but not the least we would like to express our gratitude to our family for giving us the place to do our research. THE AUTHORS T ABLE OF CONTENTS right308610 ii iii 1 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __00 ii iii 1 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS.. INTRODUCTION... 1 Background of the Study .. Significance of the Study .. __ Definition of Terms .. __ PATHOGENESIS .... Prognosis ... Signs and Symptoms .... Response of Immune S ystem Response of the Pathogen .. center9356090 iii00 iii TREATMENT AND PREVENTION..... Treatment .... Prevention .... REFERENCES... CHEMOTHERAPY AND RADIATION THERAPY Leocel Bado Mycris Jean D. Bragat Sharra Jannieca R. Capuz Remi Ann T. Culaban Chresna Mae N. Sarmiento -5715057150 An undergraduate research manuscript submitted to the Faculty of Department of Arts and Sciences of Cavite State University - Carmona Campus, Carmona, Cavite, in partial fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Business Management major in Marketing Management. Prepared under the supervision of Earl Cyril G. Rosaldo . -57150311150 INTRODUCTION

Modern Trade Essays

Modern Trade Essays Modern Trade Essay Modern Trade Essay Analysis optimization of sales and distribution network, Brand promotion and Merchandising By Sai Krishna M PGDM-IB Roll No. 23 Under the guidance of Mr. Y V Vijay Kumar Area Sales Manager FieldFresh Foods Pvt. Ltd. Bengaluru Prof. Ramki Faculty KJ Somaiya Institute of Management Studies and Research, Mumbai 1 K J Somaiya Institute of Management Studies Research Certificate from Summer Project GuidesWe approve this Summer Project Report titled Analysis optimization of sales and distribution network, Brand promotion and Merchandising as a certified study in management carried out and presented in a manner satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a prerequisite for the award of Post Graduate Program in International Business for which it has been submitted. It is understood that by this approval we do not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein but approve the Summer Project Report only for the purpose it is submitted.Summer Project Report Examination Committee for evaluation of Summer Project Report Name Signature 1. Faculty Examiner 2. PG Summer Project Co-coordinator 2 Acknowledgement On this opportunity I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my college, K. J Somaiya Institute of Management Studies and Research, Mumbai and to Field Fresh Foods Pvt. Ltd. , for offering me a unique platform to earn exposure and garner knowledge in the field of sales and distribution of premium FMCG products.This project was a great learning experience and provided me an up close insight of how the sales distribution, merchandizing and promotional activities are carried out. I am especially thankful to my guide Mr. Vijay Kumar for the kind support and guidance that he extended to me throughout the project. I also want to convey my sincere thanks to my college faculty Prof Ramki, SIMSR who has been guiding me throughout the project. He was there to help me out at all possible situations. Last but not the least I would like to express my profound gratitude and thanks to each and every employee of Field Fresh Foods Pvt.Ltd. who knowingly or unknowingly have contributed in their own ways to the successful completion of this project. Sai Krishna M PGDM(IB)-023 SIMSR, Mumbai 3 ABSTRACT The project was aimed at understanding and then analyzing the sales and distribution channel of Field Fresh Foods and the methods in which the company is currently carrying out promotional activities for their Del Monte range of products. Del Monte, an international conglomerate in food industry has recently entered the Indian market. While the market potential is huge, the competition is also fierce.Typical of the FMCG market almost all the major FMCG players wage a price war. Del Monte products are positioned as premium products. To reach the target segment and convince them of assured high quality which is the Del Monte promise is a challenging job. The sales and distribution network is the backbone of any FMCG company. In my project, I started off with the feasibility study of usage of perforated sheets as a promotional material in private vehicles. Following which I studied the sales and distribution model of Del Monte products in Bangalore city focusing on Modern Trade outlets which included stand alone super market utlets. I gave the feedback about how the present Distribution model is working and also gave suggestions for optimization of sales and distribution network. The issues with retailers and distributors regarding the products were reported to company. I was also looking after point-of-sale promotions of Del Monte products at the supermarkets that I was allotted. 4 Contents Acknowledgement Abstract Chapter 1 Introduction Topic Objectives of Study Research Methodology . 6 6 .. 7 . 3 . 4 Conclusion Chapter 2 About the Company and Industry . 7 About the FMCG Market in India 8 About the Company . About the products . . . 14 19 Chapter 3 -Theoretical Framework Milk Run Model Methods of Distribution . .. 22 . 23 Chapter 4- The Project Feasibility Study Sales and distribution Modern Trade General Trade General Issues with Product/Packaging and Other Issues Recommendations Visibility contract Brand promotion . . . 25 . 26 27 .. 30 . 32 . 33 35 35 36 Chapter 5 Summary 5 TopicThe objective of my project was aimed at understanding the sales and distribution channel of Field Fresh Foods and how the company is carrying out promotional activities for Del Monte range of products the city of Bangalore. Del Monte is a recent player in the processed foods industry in India. While the market potential is huge, the competition is also fierce. Thje competition stems from the fierce price war amongst the players. Del Monte products are of premium category with emphasis on quality. To reach the target segment and convince them of assured high quality is a challenge the company has embarked upon.The sales and distribution network is the backbone of any FMCG company. In this project, I have studied the sales and distribution model of Del Monte products in Bangalore city. After the analysis of the distribution channel, I was asked to give feedback on how the present Distribution model is working and also provide suggestions for optimization of sales and distribution network. The issues with retailers and distributors regarding the products were reported to company. We also did market research for one of the promotional material, perforated sheet. We found out the reasons why it was not successful in Bangalore.While we promoted Del Monte products at all possible outlets, from small bakeries to big hypermarkets, my area of focus was on standalone Family malls which come under the purview of Modern Trade. Objectives of Study y y y y Understanding the sales and distribution network of Del Monte Give suggestions for optimization of sales and distribution network Carrying out promotional activities Merchandizing 6 Research Methodology: Primary research: All the data pertaining to the sales and distribution channels were collected as a part of daily field vi sits which were extensive and laborious.My daily field visits included visiting the distributor s office and accompany the distributor s salesman in studying the market. Secondary research: Other data about the company like Sales figures, Advertisements and such have been collected through internet. Also the facts and figures about the FMCG Company have been collected through secondary research. Conclusion In my project, I was entrusted to study the sales and distribution channels of Del Monte products in Bangalore city especially focusing on the Modern Trade channel.I gave the company feedback on how the present Distribution model is working and also gave suggestions for optimization of sales and distribution network. The issues with retailers and distributors regarding the products were reported to company. We also did market research for one of the promotional material, perforated sheet. We found out the reasons why it was not successful in Bangalore. Having learnt of the good re sponse from the retailers whose customers praised the high quality of the products and it s good taste, company is expecting to capture a huge market share.Presently the chunk of company s profit is coming from Modern trade divisions which include big departmental stores and stand alone supermarkets. However the company is also banking upon the general trade channels to provide for a substantial share in the overall sales pie. 7 About the FMCG Market in India The Indian FMCG sector is the fourth largest sector in the economy and creates employment for three million people in downstream activities. Within the FMCG sector, the Indian food processing industry represented 6. 3per cent of GDP and accounted for 13 percent of the countrys exports in 2003-04.A distinct feature of the FMCG industry is the presence of most global players through their subsidiaries (HUL, PG, Nestle), which ensures new product launches in the Indian market from the parents portfolio. Demand for FMCG products is set to boom by almost 60 percent by 2007 and more than 100 per cent by 2015. This will be driven by the rise in share of middle class from 67 per cent in2003 to 88 per cent in 2015. The key characteristics features are a strong MNC presence, a well-established distribution network, intense competition between the organized and unorganized segments and low operational cost.Availability of key raw materials, cheaper labor costs and presence across the entire value chain gives India a competitive advantage. The FMCG market is set to treble from $11. 6billion in 2003 to $33. 4 billion in 2015. Penetration level as well as per capita consumption in most product categories like jams, toothpaste, skin care, hair wash, etc. in India is low indicating the untapped market potential. Burgeoning Indian population, particularly the middle class and the rural segments, presents an opportunity to makers of branded products to convert consumers to branded products.Growth is also likely to come fro m consumer upgrading in the matured product categories. With 200 million people expected to shift to processed and packaged food by 2010, India needs around $28 billion of investment in the food-processing industry. 8 Government Policy The Government has enacted policies aimed at attaining international competitiveness through lifting of the quantitative restrictions, reduced excise duties, automatic foreign investment and food laws resulting in an environment that fosters growth.Completely export oriented units can be set up by government approval and use of foreign brand names is now freely permitted. Automatic investment approval (including foreign technology agreements within specified norms), up to100 per cent foreign equity or 100 per cent for NRI and Overseas Corporate Bodies(OCBs) investment, is allowed for most of the food processing sector except malted food, alcoholic beverages and those reserved for small scale industries (SSI). 24per cent foreign equity is permitted in the small-scale sector.Temporary approvals for imports for test marketing can also be obtained from the Director General of Foreign Trade. The evolution of a more liberal FDI policy environment in India is clearly supported by the successful operation of some of the global majors like PepsiCo in India. The Indian government has abolished licensing for almost all food and agro-processing industries except for some items like alcohol, cane sugar, hydrogenated animal fats and oils etc. , and items reserved for the exclusive manufacture in the SSI sector.Quantitative restrictions were removed in2001 and Union Budget 2004-05 further identified 85 items that would be taken out of the reserved list. This has resulted in a boom in the FMCG market through market expansion and greater product opportunities. 9 Central and State Initiatives Various states governments like Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Jammu Kashmir have encouraged companies to set up manufacturing facilities in their regio ns through a package of fiscal incentives.Jammu and Kashmir offers incentives such as allotment of land at concessional rates, 100 per cent subsidy on project reports and 30 per cent capital investment subsidy on fixed capital investment upto $63,000. The Himachal Pradesh government offers sales tax and power concessions, capital subsidies and other incentives for setting up a plant in its tax free zones. Trends The boom in various consumer categories, further, indicates a latent demand for various product segments. For example, the upper end of very rich and a part of the consuming class indicate small but rapidly growing segment for branded products.The middle segment, on the other hand, indicates a large market for the mass end products. The BRICs report indicates that India s per capita disposable income, currently at $556 per annum, will rise to $1150 by 2015 another FMCG demand driver. The spurting the industrial and services sector growth is also likely to boost the urban con sumption demand. An estimated double-digit growth over the next few years shows that the good times are likely to continue. 10 Growth Prospects With the presence of 12. 2% of the world population in the illages of India, the Indian rural FMCG market is something no one can overlook. Increased focus on farm sector will boost rural incomes, hence providing better growth prospects to the FMCG companies. Better infrastructure facilities will improve their supply chain. FMCG sector is also likely to benefit from growing demand in the market. Because of the low per capita consumption for almost all the products in the country, FMCG companies have immense possibilities for growth. If the companies are able to change the mindset of the consumers, i. . if they are able to take the consumers to branded products and offer new generation products, they would be able to generate higher growth in the near future. It is expected that the rural income will rise in 2007, boosting purchasing power in the countryside. However, the demand in urban areas would be the key growth driver over the long term. The increase in the urban population, along with increase in income levels and the availability of new categories, would help the urban areas maintain their position in terms of consumption.At present, urban India accounts for 66% of total FMCG consumption. However, rural India accounts for more than 40% consumption in major FMCG categories such as personal care, fabric care, and hot beverages. In urban areas, home and personal care category, including skin care, household care and feminine hygiene, will keep growing at relatively attractive rates. Within the foods segment, it is estimated that processed foods, bakery, and dairy are long-term growth categories in both rural and urban areas. 11 Industry Analysis A.Key Success Factors: a) Distribution-related KSFs: y y y y A strong network of distributors Efficient and responsive supply chain Ability to secure favourable display spa ce on retailer shelves Robust relationship with retailers b) Marketing-related KSFs: y y y y y Strong brand recall Motivated Sales team well equipped with the product knowledge Point of Sale advertising Special offers and bulk buy deals for retailers Attractive product packaging c) Other types of KSFs: y y High product quality standards Product innovation capabilities with respect to new product launch and time to market 2 d) Industry s Dominant Features: y y Industry growth rate: The industry is growing at the CAGR of 9%. Number of rivals: In certain product categories, such as, ketchup and sauces, the industry is dominated by a few large companies but overall it is fragmented into many small and regional companies. y Number of buyers: Market demand is fragmented among several buyers across the country and hence buyers do not enjoy much of bargaining power y Degree of product differentiation: Product of other companies is less differentiated leading to heightened price competition. Product Innovation: Development of new and differentiated products is important B. Industry Driving Forces: y y Booming modern retail Increasing globalisation of industry leading to several foreign companies foraying into India y Changes in consumer behaviour marked by increased health consciousness and adoption of urban and outgoing lifestyle y Burgeoning middle class with increased purchasing power 13 About the Company FieldFresh Foods Pvt Ltd. : An Indian business giant and a Philippine conglomerate have come together to create FieldFresh Foods Pvt.Ltd. FieldFresh Foods Pvt. Ltd. , is a venture between Bharti Enterprises and Del Monte Pacific Limited, to offer fresh and processed fruits and vegetables in the domestic as well as international markets, including Europe and the Middle East. Brand Del Monte has 118 years of rich international heritage during which it has been synonymous with quality and taste. The brand originated in the US and is now available all across the globe. The Del Monte range of branded processed food products ncludes Fruit drinks, Ketchup Sauces, Packaged Fruits and the Italian Range consisting of Pasta, Olive Oil and Olives/Jalapenos and a Culinary range which is aimed at HORECA, Foodservices and QSR industries. Del Monte was brought to India in 2007 by a joint venture between Bharti Enterprises and Del Monte Pacific Ltd. The JV is called FieldFresh Foods Pvt Ltd. Bharti Enterprises is one of Indias leading business groups with interests in telecom, agri business, financial services, retail and manufacturing.Del Monte Pacific Ltd, headquartered in Manila, Philippines, is engaged in the production, marketing, and distribution of Del Monte products in the select Asian markets. Del Monte Pacific also holds exclusive rights to produce and distribute food and beverage products in the Indian subcontinent. 14 The company will produce, market and distribute farm fresh products that address the needs of today s consumer. With a range of de licious and superior tasting products, FieldFresh Foods Pvt. Ltd. , looks forward to becoming one of the most trusted providers of premium quality fresh farm products, processed foods and beverages.With the synergy between Bharti s dynamism and Del Monte s heritage of over 100 years, the company aims at becoming a leading player in the foods beverages segment in India. FieldFresh Foods Pvt Ltd besides offering Del Monte range of Food Beverage products, also sources and markets fresh produce for domestic as well as export markets. The companys vision is to be the most trusted and innovative provider of branded fresh fruits, vegetables and processed food products in India. Bharti Enterprises:India s leading business group, Bharti Enterprises has interests in telecom, agri-business, insurance retail. With over 100 million customers, Bharti s flagship unit, Airtel Ltd. , is the country s leading private sector provider of telecommunication services. 15 Del Monte Pacific Limited: Base d in Philippines, the company is engaged in the production, marketing, and distribution of premium branded processed foods and beverages. Del Monte Pacific also holds exclusive rights to produce and distribute food and beverage products in the Indian subcontinent. Quality Excellence at FieldFreshFieldFresh ensures best-in-class facilities, business practices and quality standards through technological innovations, international quality management systems and food safety initiatives. Our Quality Management System (QMS) operates on: Right First Time Zero Tolerance These are achieved through critical interventions in processes wherever applicable, so that only top-class quality products reach the end consumers. To pave the way in farming practices, the company has complied with Global GAP guidelines not only in company managed farms but across all partner farms.The growing partners are spread across the following states: Punjab Baby Corn, French Peas Maharashtra Sweet Corn Baby Corn Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh Mangoes 16 The state-of-the-art laboratory facilitates physical, chemical and microbiological analysis of the raw materials and packaging materials through the entire manufacturing cycle. Continuous focus on packaging development and innovative solutions has enabled FieldFresh to meet the superior packaging requirement of customers. At FieldFresh, food safety and consumer health is the top most priority.This is clearly reflected in the manufacturing facility and packhouse being certified under: Food Safety Management Systems (FSMS) (ISO:22000:2005) BRC British Retail Consortium Environment Health Safety (EHS) is an integral part of FieldFresh business practices. Focus on EHS is driven through: Process Mapping Regulatory and Food Safety Audits Reviews of Certifications The Technical team is also focused on critical processes and development for new initiatives on new products. Certifications The Good Agricultural Practices and QMS have enabled us to achie ve highest levels of standards and certifications.Exports FieldFresh Foods has focused on building a robust Fresh Exports business model in vegetablesprimarily Baby Corn and Sweet Corn. Some of the other greens exported are French Beans and Green Chillies. All farms, where both Baby Corn Sweet Corn is grown are Global GAP certified farms. 17 Agri Centre Of Excellence (ACE) FieldFreshAgri Centre OF Excellence (ACE) at Ladhowal, Ludhiana, Punjab was inaugurated by Dr. Manmohan Singh, Honourable Prime Minister of India on 27th September, 2006. ACE comprises of 300 acres of farming, developed for open and protected cultivation.The activities that have gone into making ACE a centre of excellence are: Partner Farming Farmer Training Open Cultivation Crop Development 132 acres of Micro Irrigation 42 acres of Spanish designed protected cultivation Bell Peppers and Cherry Tomatoes grown in Glass Houses Chilly Nursery in Green Houses Cauliflowers in Net Houses 24 x 7 technical support to the partner farmers A state-of-the-art processing facility and pack-house has been set up with vegetable processing capacity of over 250 tons and a cold-storage capacity of 500 metric tons built over 7500 sq. metres.The facility takes pride in the following certifications: GLOBALGAP Certified Operations ISO 22000 Certified Packhouse BRC (British Retail Consortium) Certification for the Packhouse 18 About the Products The Del Monte product range includes: y Fruit drinks: Pineapple fruit drink with pulp, Pineapple Orange fruit drink, and Four seasons fruit drink (Pineapple, Mango, Orange and Guava), Green Apple and Orange y Packaged fruits: Pineapple Slices, Pineapple Tidbits, Prunes, Mango Pulp(Sweetened), Fiesta Fruit Cocktail and Peach Halves 19 y Corn: Regular and Sweet Corn yKetchup Sauces: Tomato Ketchup, Zingo Twango Sauces 20 y Italian Range: Range of dry Pasta, table Olives and Olive Oil 21 Theoretical Framework Milk Run Model Del Monte Distributors use Milk Run model for the distribution of their products. A milk run is typically a route in which a delivery van either delivers product from a single to multiple retailers or goes from multiple suppliers to a single retailer. In other words, a supplier delivers directly to multiple retail stores on a truck or a truck picks up deliveries for many suppliers of the same retail store.The diagram below shows how a milk runs model of single supplier and many retailers work. The company has divided their distribution channel into two parts General trade and modern trade. General trade consist of bakeries, small kirana stores, retail stores and medium size deartmental stores. It is a huge business and the fact that the mass of India still purchases their grocery items from local kirana stores. It becomes very important for the company to have a robust sales and distribution network in genearl trade. Whole of the city is divided into areas depending on the geographical location of dealers.The dealer has the respons ibility of catering to demand whole area surrounding it. Their were 7 dealers and each dealer had 700 outlets in his area. Modern trade constitutes stand alone supermarkets, Hypermarkets and supermarkets which are a part of retail chain spread across the country. There are three distributors for modern trade. Milk run is helpful since in our case very frequent and small deliveries are 22 needed on a regular basis and either a set of suppliers or a set of retailers is in geographic proximity. The dealer has around 700 outlets in his area and the delivery is divided on the basis of routes.Since all the stores are in geographical proximity and the deliveries are small this model is very successful. Some of the salient features of Milk runs model are ? Milk runs help to reduce the transportation costs by consolidating shipments to multiple stores on a single truck. ? Milk runs allow deliveries to multiple stores to be consolidated on a single truck, resulting in a better utilization of the truck and somewhat lower costs. ? The use of milk run is helpful if very frequent, small deliveries are needed on a regular basis and either a set of suppliers or a set of retailers is in geographic proximity. Helps to reduce the amount of inventory to be kept as a safety stock in the warehouses. High degree of coordination and synchronization required among the members of supply chain Methods of Distribution Method 1 Ready stock unit: In ready stock unit, the company appointed salesman, 1 driver and a helper from dealer go in a delivery van. They go to each store and according to the order that retailer places, it is immediately delivered. Delivery vans usually contain all the products in substantial quantity but if it is not avalaible at that moment the order is noted and delivered later.A receipt is made for the same and whole of the order is given on credit. Sometimes only driver and sales guy are there depending upon the distributor. Method 2 In the second method the salesm an appointed from Del Monte takes order from stores which he visits on his motorcyle. He covers all the stores on a prticular route in a day. He gives the order list to dealer at the end of the day. The order list consists of products to be delivered, quantity and address of retailer. The next day the delivery van goes on the same the route and delivers the at the given address.The sales man on the other hand is on another route for the next day and this cycle continues. 23 The Project Feasibility of perforated sheet promotional material in Bangalore Background:The Company Del Monte had launched perforated sheet with Del Monte brand printed on it as a promotional material which was a great success in Delhi. These perforated sheets basically acts like sun shield and to be put in the car rear windshield. The design of these sheets is such that while it blocks the incoming sun light, the visibility is not hampered.Such perforated sheets are already in use in buses where the large glass area provides for ample space to put these materials. The Company wanted to replicate the success of this promotional material in Bangalore too but it proved to be a failure, reasons for which we shall discuss below. Task:The Company had asked us to analyse the reasons of failure and at the same time try to diffuse the promotional material in the market. Action Outcome:In this regard I interacted with car owners or drivers on whether they would be willing to use that sheet for their cars.The locations selected for such interaction were Parking lots in malls, and other commercial areas where there were plenty of cars. Invariably, all the people I spoke to, refused to this idea citing one of the following reasons:y y y y y y They already have a sun film on their car s windows and windshield They are not comfortable in carrying a Company s advertisement. They were asking for some incentive for sporting the promotional material. Car drivers refused to this saying they need to take pri or permission from car owners.It doesn t get as hot and sunny in Bangalore as it is in Delhi, which made the sun screen seem less attractive even in summer. They were sceptical that visibility would be hampered. It was also observed during the above interaction that most of the people I interacted with were not aware of the Del Monte brand but I made use of the opportunity to make them aware of the brand and its product offerings even if they were averse to idea of using perforated promotional material. This exercise instead turned out to be a face-to-face promotion and perforated sheets were just a platform to start-off the interaction.I also observed that such face-to-face promotion was very effective as people were not only made aware of the Brand but could also be educated on the Brand, its history and of course its product offerings but the downside was the very limited reach we had. 24 Sales and distribution: Indias economy is projected to grow at a fast rate over the next few years. With increasing purchasing power and a rising middle class, the fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) industry is posed to grow dramatically. To leverage opportunities, FMCG manufacturers and retailers are developing and implementing deliberate strategies for gaining market access.FMCG giants like Unilever, Marico, PG, Nestle etc are constantly improving and modernizing their sales and distribution network removing their bottle necks. Del Monte has developed a strong distribution channel in a short span of time. I would like to throw some light on sales and distribution network of Del Monte. Bangalore is the head office of South India Del Monte operations. The company has divided the distribution channel into two parts 1. General Trade 2. Modern trade Modern trade constitutes stand alone supermarkets and supermarkets which are a part of retail chain spread across the country.General trade deals with bakery, retail stores and small kirana stores. Sales 100 80 60 40 20 0 General T rade Modern Trade Sales 25 MODERN TRADE (STAND-ALONE) OVERVIEW The Co. has three distributors that serve the standalone departments stores across Bangalore. Most of these outlets are individually owned operate like mom-pop stores but in an organized fashion. Each distributor covers 6 different routes each day from Monday through Saturday. I was working under Ghouri and Co, a distributor who handled around 65 stores in Bangalore South and Central.Unlike General Trade where the outlets are located in a cluster, the outlets are sparsely located. A Sales Man typically serves 7-10 stores in a day, whereby the orders are taken and the delivery is made the following day. Normally, the activities performed are as follows:y y y Take a count of the existing stock and note down in the order book Estimate the potential order. Consult the purchase officer/ store manager/ category manager for final order placement. y y y y Delivery made by the distributor the following day. Payment collected eith er by the distributor themselves or by the Co. Salesman. Credit period usually ranges from 15-30 days. Put up point of sale promotional material. Most of the stores that fall under the Modern Trade- Stand Alone category have decentralized purchasing system even if the no. of outlets of that particular Co. is in several. Since the stores are serviced weekly, the quantity ordered aren t huge and typically the stores doesn t keep off the shelve stock, what all they have is there on the shelves. 26 At present modern Trade (including Retail chains) account for 85% of the sales.This is mainly because the products that Del Monte has under its portfolio in India are premium and suit the lifestyle of modern audiences who buy their groceries from modern retail outlets. The higher purchasing power and brand awareness also helps in the sale of almost all the products. The following products sell well at modern retail outlets:y y y y California prunes Canned fruits Italian range including olive, pastas etc. Juices Again this is an overall movement of goods because movement each product depends primarily on the location of the store and its customer base.DAY Monday Tuesday Wednesday ROUTE Indira Nagar, Domlur Marathahalli, Whitefield OUTLETS COVERED 15 11 Wilson Town, Frazer Town, 14 Hennur Main Road Thursday Friday Saturday Kamanahalli, Banasawadi Ulsoor, Indira Nagar Kasthuri Nagar, K R Puram 14 12 04 27 Issues in Modern Trade Stand Alone Super Markets 1. The single most important issue was the start time of the daily route. Ideally the distributor should open office by 9 AM which enables the sales representative to start his route by 9:30 but mostly there are delays either on distributor s side or the salesman s side.This results in a late start by the sales man. Most stores do not give orders beyond lunch hour, due to which there is an unnecessary rush on the salesman s part to get to the stores and get their orders before lunch. 2. The products in demand in modern trad e are different from that in general trade. In G. T (general trade) mostly ketchup and juices are sold while in Modern trade (M. T) Pastas, Prunes, Fruit cocktail and Sweet corn are also sold in good numbers. Salesmen in modern trade are not able to explain the ingredients or the taste of the products.This lack of precise knowledge creates confusion in minds of retailers and brings about a certain degree of hesitation while giving orders. 3. Salesman does not emphasize the placement of products in the store shelf. Even if they do it is impossible to keep a check on the activitie

Financial Statement Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Statement Analysis - Assignment Example A provision for warranty should be provided for at 2% and any changes is taken to the profit and loss account. An account should be maintained that has this figures and if there is returns then the actual amount and changes in the provision is taken to the profit and loss account. b. Calculate K2’s warranty expense for 2008. Opening balance 8,430,000 Provision 2% of 1,934,700,000 38, 694,000 47, 124,000 Closing balance 6,490,000 Warranty expense for the period 40,634,000 c. How much did K2 pay during the year to repair and or replace goods under warranty? Amount paid for repairs =50% of warranty Amount paid for repairs =50% of 2% of 1934.7million = 19,347,000 2. (6 points) Mustang Inc. issued $800,000 of 5%, 20-year bonds at 96 on January 1, 2000. Through Jan 1, 2008, Mustang amortized $20,000 of the bond discount. On January 1, 2008, Mustang Inc. retired the bonds at 102 (after making the interest payment on that date). a. Calculate the net book value of the bond on January 1 , 2008 Interest = .05 x800,000= 40,000 Net book value = 800,000x102/100 = 816,000 b. and the gain or loss that Mustang would report for this retirement. Loss of the retirement = 800,000-816,000= 16,000 3. Higher Ratio financial risk Total debt/ equity (%) Increases EBITDA interest coverage Decreases Operating income/Sales (%) Decreases Free operating cash flow/Total debt (%) Decreases Return on equity (%) Decreases FFO/Total debt (%) Increases / Decreases Long-term debt/ equity (%) Increases EBIT interest coverage Decreases 4. (18 points) Progressive Corporation (a property and casualty insurance company) reported the following in its 2008 annual report: 2008 2007 (in millions) Carrying Value Fair Value Carrying Value Fair Value 6.375% Senior Notes due 2012 (issued: $350.0, December 2001) $ 348.9 $ 355.3 $ 348.6 $ 367.8 7% Notes due 2013 (issued: $150.0, October 1993) 149.3 154.3 149.2 162.9 6 5?8% Senior Notes due 2029 (issued: $300.0, March 1999) 294.6 272.0 294.4 311.8 6.25% Seni or Notes due 2032 (issued: $400.0, November 2002) 394.0 350.0 393.9 397.6 6.70% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Junior Subordinated Debentures due 2067 (issued: $1,000.0, June 2007 988.7 450.0 987.8 936.5 $2,175.5 $1,581.6 $2,173.9 $2,176.6 On December  31, 2008, we entered into a 364-Day Secured Liquidity Credit Facility Agreement with National City Bank (NCB). Under this agreement, we may borrow up to $125 million, which may be increased to $150 million at our request but subject to NCB’s discretion. The purpose of the credit facility is to provide liquidity in the event of disruptions in our cash management operations, such as disruptions in the financial markets, that affect our ability to transfer or receive funds. The revolving credit facility agreement discussed above replaced an uncommitted line of credit with NCB in the principal amount of $125 million. Under this terminated agreement, no commitment fees were required to be paid and there were no rating triggers. Interest o n amounts borrowed would have generally accrued at the one-month LIBOR plus .375%. We had no borrowings under this arrangement during 2008, 2007, or 2006. Aggregate principal payments on debt outstanding at December  31, 2008, are $0 for 2009, 2010, and 2011, $350.0 million for 2012, $150.0 million for 2013, and $1.7 billion thereafter. Required: a. What amount does Progressive report for long-term debt on its balance sheet? The amount of long-term debt reported in the year 2008 was 2,175.5 million and 2,173.9million in the year 2007 b. Why is

Evaluate and revise A Strategy for Scottish Tourism Essay

Evaluate and revise A Strategy for Scottish Tourism - Essay Example It was evolved primarily based on the views that the overseas target markets showed declining performance, there was considerable increase in short tours and also the expenditure was exceeding budgets as per the targets set. The new strategy was the result of a consultation document from Henry McLeish MSP, Honorable Minister for Enterprise and Lifelong Learning in 1999. The consultation document provided the broad items that could go to make for the new strategy, viz., optimal use of IT, tourism promotion to remote and rural areas, assuring quality, identifying future markets, domestic as well as overseas, extending the tourism season, improving training, improving accessibility of areas for tourism interest in Scotland, ATB functioning, as well as making tourism sustainable in the long term. It is therefore in this context that the strategy was examined. Acknowledges are due and hence conveyed in all earnestness to the university professors, fellow students as well as the different authors and experts who have permitted quoting their works in this report. In particular, mention needs to be made of JRB Ritchie and GI Crouch, whose painstaking work The Competitive Destination: A sustainable tourism perspective, 2003, has afforded this study to be made on the basic of fundamental strategy and tourism concepts outlined by these eminent authors. The study examined the new Scottish Tourist Board (STB) strategy according to the principle that tourism development needs to both competitive and sustainable in the long term. Sustainability means conserving the natural resources of Scotland and protecting its heritage structures. The strategy recognizes the natural advantages of Scotland in its scenic beauty and varied landscape and also highlights efforts to be undertaken like technology adoption, customer focus, service quality assurance, lifelong learning, training, better coordination among public bodies and greater involvement of

Contemporary Politics and Economics in Mexico Essay Example for Free

Contemporary Politics and Economics in Mexico Essay Over the course of Mexican history, the governmental and economic state of Mexico has been largely unstable. The nation was marked by dictatorial shifts in party-list (and their candidates) and their constant bickering with each other; the deformed presidency, the elite and the political group controlled the economic fervor with constant insurgencies from the lower classes; the shift of the informal traditional ‘relatively’ closed market system to an international open trading system as a form of ‘globalization’; and finally, the drastic environmental events, like the 1985 earthquake which had shaken up the nation. In the following paper, there is an attempt to elucidate the static forces that govern the Mexican politics and economics from 1980s to the contemporary times. Mexican politics was largely determined by the ‘evolution’ of the ruling party Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), their gradual shifts or hold in power from a hegemonic- (1929 to 1979), bipartisan- (1979 to 1985) and finally, the pluripartisan stage (1988-2000). The bipartisan stage marked the initial infiltration of the opposing party Partido Accion Nacional (PAN) and the strong comptetion between the PRI, PAN and the PRD (Partido de la Revolucion Democratica during the pluripartic years. PRI had a hold on presidential seat for 71 years until it was put to a stop in the 2000 elections. The presidential monarchy from 1970 to 1982 coincided with a period of shared development in political organization with the emergence of the bourgeoisie in governmental positions and puts an end to the ‘sustained’ economy that Mexico originally enjoyed under the Echeverria . To combat the economic crisis and peso devaluation, the State attempted to intervene with the entrepreneurial activities, thus sparking State-Entrepeneur dissent; the private businesses erected Entrepreneurial Coordinating Council (ECC) institutions as a protective mechanism. Portillo delivered his counterattack by nationalizing bank systems and increasing the interest rates. Mexico experienced general economic quagmire — inflation, external inequity, currency devaluation, peso flight, mounting unemployment and low purchasing power — in 1976, 1982, 1987 [ e. g. 59 % inflation] and 1994-95 with middle periods of mild economic recuperation. The September 19 1985 earthquake, which killed approximately 6,500 to 30,000 individuals, aggravated the economic crisis. The 80s were dominated by neoliberal (semi-democratized state implementing free election rule) over the freemarket system, as a result of mounting external debts and the ‘Washington Consensus’. The freemarket system/informal market system originally dominated by local ‘street market vendor’ types, became an open humdrum to international financial organizations like the World Bank to ‘negotiate’ for the debts. The State Restructuring generally involved administration modernization, openness of the national market/participation with free trade with the State neighbors (e. g. 1986 General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs), privatization of public enterprises, and introduction of radical social and political reforms to the relatively ‘traditional’ State. The ‘Restructuring’ debilitated the State with most of the reforms resulting to dispersed control in politics, loss of ethics in politicians and political institutions, and mounting economic problems. The Neoliberal State, 1982-2000, demonstrated a stunningly low GIP per head of 0. 3 %. With income distribution becoming more unequal. The year 1994 marked the participation of State to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Inequality in income and devaluation of the market price coupled with the global inflation of prices created insurgencies from the lower classes and the emergence of anti-political groups like the Zapatista Army of National Liberation from the State of Chiapaz. The peso devaluation, increased exchange rate volatility and meltdown of stocks will persist up to the current state of economic affairs. This was naturally fueled by distrust of external investors to the weak form of governance. Federal Electoral Institute, mediated by ordinary citizens was erected in the early 90s to ensure that elections are ‘clean’ compared to PRI unfair appointing of offices in the past. Quesada won the 2000 election due to the insurgency and popular voting but have few votes from the Congress. It was the former President Zedillo who officiated the electoral results thus stunting the chance of PRI to question the results. The administration of Fox signed up with the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America with the hope of modernizing the reforms and the pre-existing labor laws, opening investments in the energy sector, and improving the infrastructure. The 1994 NAFTA agreement’ beneficial effects were apparently not agreed upon by participants. Whereas the US reiterates that there is ‘speeding up’ of the economic activity of the free market system of Mexico as indicated by the thrillion dollar class, the quick economic growth did not improved the standards of living of the lower and middle class. Calderon, the current president of the Mexico and also a PAN member, experienced many oppositions from the PRD; the attacks were on post-electoral and on ‘Banobras-borrowing’. Calderon attempted to reduce the economic crisis of the country by producing reforms like Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact, salary caps, security policy and first employment program. The current presidents waged an active advocacy against drugs. The contemporary politics and economic changes in Mexico are centered on neo-liberalism with opening of the State to globalized free trade. The drastic results of the State restructuring persisted up to now and the reforms enacted by the current government will hopefully resolved the problems.

Web Radio :: essays research papers fc

Web Radio Instant global radio, or Web radio, is the latest manifestation of the Internet's multimedia successor, the World Wide Web. Improved technology and content are turning Web radio into a mass medium. (Hickman 30) The Web radio concept is mainly underlined by the concept of Webcasting, or broadcasting station content over the Internet. Online users who visit the Web pages of Webcasting stations can find archived and live audio covering news, business, sports, and many different types of music. (Thomas 38) Although the most prominent reason for the increase in Web radio activity is advancement in related technology, there are multiple other reasons. The key has been the development of software that allows a digital recording stored on a computer to be transmitted over the Internet and played instantly and continuously as it is received by the listener's computer. (Your Very Own 516) This technique is known as streaming, and was pioneered by RealNetworks. In the streaming process, the digitized clips are sent over the Internet as a stream of compressed data packets. (O'Malley 64) Free audio-player software that works with Web browsers then decompresses and assembles these packets at the user's computer and automatically plays them back as they are received. Streaming systems typically use a buffering system that stores an extra few seconds worth of data to prevent Internet "hiccups" from disrupting the steady flow of audio – not unlike the shock-protection systems on portable compact disc players. (O'Malley 64) As reported in 1995, listening to broadcasts on your computer is akin to dialing in a tinny transistor radio on the fringes of reception area – even with hotshot multimedia speakers. (Silverthorne A1) Advancements have made it so Web-based audio now offers near-CD quality, even over a modem of average speed. (Hickman 30) The broadcast quality depends largely on the amount of traffic on the Internet. (Your Very Own 516) Sites will have varying degrees of quality, and the only way to ensure pure transmission is a fast connection from a fast site. On September 5, 1995, the first broadcast of a Major League Baseball game was made over the Internet on ESPN's Web site. The next week, ABC Radio Net became the first organization to provide live Internet newscasts, with coverage of the O.J. Simpson trial. (Silverthorne A1) These early firsts by big-name network stations sparked the initial interest in Web radio, and the networks have been the biggest contributors towards the widening spectrum of quality content, as well as setting professional standards for content.

Peak Oil and Energy Security Essay

Energy security means having access to the requisite volumes of energy at affordable prices in association with national security and the availability of natural resources for energy consumption. From the perspective of a government concerned and the management of strategic interests, energy security implies energy policies and standby measures that can be implemented in the event of a supply disruption—and at a cost that its citizens consider reasonable. Such measures include energy supply diversification and a certain volume of energy stock. Definitions of Energy Security: The International Energy Agency (IEA) definitions of energy security have focused on the â€Å"adequate supply of energy at a reasonable cost†, and have referred to energy security to be just â€Å"another way of avoiding market distortions† (IEA, 1995). The underlying belief of these definitions is that â€Å"smoothly functioning international energy markets† will deliver â€Å"a secure – adequate, affordable and reliable – supply of energy† (IEA, 2002). IEA has claimed that energy security always consists of both a physical unavailability component and a price component, although their relative importance depends on the market structure (IEA, 2007). The European Commission’s Green Paper (EC 2000) states that energy security also entails respecting environmental concerns and working towards sustainable development. They clarify that the security of supply does not seek to maximize energy self-sufficiency or to minimize dependence, but aims to reduce the risks linked to such dependence. Energy plays an important role in the national security of any given country as a fuel to power the economic engine. Access to cheap energy has become essential to the functioning of modern economies. The modern world relies on a vast energy supply to fuel everything from transportation to communication, to security and health delivery systems. Some sectors rely on energy more heavily than others; for example, the Department of Defense relies on petroleum for approximately 77% of its energy needs. The growing uncertainties about stability and security that exist in the global energy market have fuelled the need for nations to have a comprehensive energy security strategy. Energy security is also essential for the economic growth and development of  countries as energy in-security can hamper the productive activities in the economy as well as undermine consumer welfare. Rapid urbanization and rising middle-class incomes around the world have led to explosive growth in electricity demand. Thus, to the growing urban communities, energy security simply means keeping the lights on. Chester (2010) lists five fundamental aspects that characterize ‘energy security’. Firstly, energy security is about the management of risk – the risk of uninterrupted, unavailable energy supplies; the risk of insufficient capacity to meet demand; the risk of unaffordable energy prices; the risk of reliance on unsustainable sources of energy. These risks may be caused due to energy market instabilities, technical failures or physical security threats. Secondly, the definition of energy security may be framed to reflect a country’s energy mix, the abundance of local resources and import dependence. Thirdly, the term energy security reflects a concept of strategic intent, implying that energy security is not a policy in itself, but that specific policies have to be adopted by governments to achieve the objectives of energy security. Fourthly, energy security has temporal dimensions – the risks and threats to physical supply differ across short, medium and long-term horizons. Short-term risks include terrorism attacks and technical failures. Long-term risks, on the other hand, concern the adequacy of supply to meet demand and adequacy of infrastructure to deliver supply to markets. Fifthly, the term energy security has to be applied keeping in mind the significant differences between the oil, gas, nuclear and other energy markets and infrastructure. As energy is essential for the economic growth and development of a country, it has come to be recognized as a ‘strategic commodity’. This is because any uncertainty in its supply can threaten the effective functioning of an economy (Sahir and Qureshi, 2007). It therefore becomes an imperative for a country to ensure secure energy supplies at affordable rates. This crudely defines the idea of ‘energy security’. Threats to energy security include 1. The political instability (tensions in Northern Iraq, Southern Sudan, the Niger Delta and the East Mediterranean as examples of how competition for energy resources can cause instability) of several energy producing countries. â€Å"Energy should be a motor for development and cooperation, not a source of conflict,† said Mr. Terje Roed-Larsen. 2. The manipulation of energy supplies, 3. The competition over energy sources, 4. Attacks on supply infrastructure and, 5. Dominant countries reliance to the foreign oil supply. 6. Increased world competition for energy resources due to the increased pace of industrialization. Renewable energy Renewable energy resources and significant opportunities for energy efficiency exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency, and technological diversification of energy sources, would result in significant energy security and economic benefits. The deployment of renewable technologies usually increases the diversity of electricity sources and, through local generation, contributes to the flexibility of the system and its resistance to central shocks. For those countries where growing dependence on imported gas is a significant energy security issue, renewable technologies can provide alternative sources of electric power as well as displacing electricity demand through direct heat production. Renewable bio-fuels for transport represent a key source of diversification from petroleum products. Long term measures to increase energy security center on reducing dependence on any one source of imported energy, increasing the number of suppliers, exploiting native fossil fuel or renewable energy resources, and reducing overall demand through energy conservation measures. Facts and Figures: 1. Oil expert Mike Ruppert has claimed that for every calorie of food produced in the industrial world, ten calories of oil and gas energy are invested in the forms of fertilizer, pesticide, packaging, transportation, and running farm equipment. 2. The impact of the 1973 oil crisis and the emergence of the OPEC cartel was a particular milestone that prompted some countries to increase their energy security. 3. Japan, almost totally dependent on imported oil, steadily introduced the use of natural gas, nuclear power, high-speed mass transit systems, and implemented energy  conservation measures. It has become one of the world leaders in the use of renewable energy. 4. India is carrying out a major hunt for domestic oil to decrease its dependency on OPEC, while Iceland is well advanced in its plans to become energy-independent by 2050 through deploying 100% renewable energy. 5. Amount of sun that hits the world in an hour is enough to power the world for one year. With the addition o f solar panels all around the world a little less pressure is taken off the need to produce more oil. 6. Geothermal can potentially lead to other sources of fuel, if heat would be taken from the inner core of the earth to heat up water sources, we could essentially use the steam creating from the heated water to power machines, this option is one of the cleanest and efficient options. 7. Hydro-electric which has been incorporated into many of the dams around the world produces a lot of energy, as the dams control the water that is allowed through seams which power turbines located inside of the dam. 8. Bio-fuels have been researched using many different sources including ethanol and algae, these options are substantially cleaner than the consumption of petroleum. â€Å"Most LCA results for perennial and ligno-cellulosic crops conclude that bio-fuels can supplement anthropogenic energy demands and mitigate Green House Gas emissions to the atmosphere. 9. Juliet Alohan writes on the crucial need for its prioritization in Nigeria. It is estimated that by the year 2022, about two million unemployed Nigerians would be gainfully employed if renewable energy is introduced to complement regular electricity supply. 10. Dr. Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber, UAE special envoy for energy and climate change, and CEO of Masdar, said: â€Å"With energy demand predicted to grow nearly 50% over the next 20 years, competition for resources will increase. Energy is therefore becoming a key piece of the global security puzzle. Any significant move to solve the energy crisis is also a step toward creating peace and stability among the nations of the world.† 11. The Renewable Energy Global Status report showed that by the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded 1,360 Giga Watt (GW), up to 8 per cent over what it was in 2010. The report added that renewable energy supply constituted more than 25 per cent of total global power-generating capacity, which is estimated at 5,360GW in 2011. Case Study: Energy Security Context in India Sudarshan and Noronha (2009) lay out five important factors that have contributed to increasing energy demand in India. First, the real income of India has grown at a rate of 6-7% per annum over the past two decades, and the Planning Commission of India has a future targeted growth rate of 8-10% per annum for the next decade. TERI (2006) estimates that India will require 2023 MTOE (Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent) of energy by the year 2031 to feed such economic growth rates. Second, a structural shift has been taking place in India, which has accelerated since the 1991 economic reforms. This shift is from agriculture towards the services sector, which is relatively energy intensive. Next, an annual population increase of about 1.9% p.a. has been observed over the past two decades. Importantly, the urban population in India was 25.5% in 1990 and is expected to rise to 40% by 2030. Given per capita energy demand in rural areas is low, this will further feed into India’s gross energy demand. Fourth, there is a growing transport sector. Fifth, an energy transformation is taking place, with a shift from biomass to electricity in rural India. Further, as of 2005, only 55% of rural Indian households had electricity access. Electricity demand is expected to rise, even as the government has significant plans to meet the demand (Planning Commission, 2008). Increasing import dependence of India on fossil fuel-rich countries has hence forced the government to rethink the way India engages with these countries. Given the factors influencing the demand and consumption of energy in India, the Planning Commission of India defined energy security by modifying the definition of energy security given by The World Energy Assessment (UNDP 1999) to suit the Indian context better. This definition is accepted by the Indian government, and it is as follows: â€Å"We are energy secure when we can supply lifeline energy to all our citizens irrespective of their ability to pay for it as well as meet their effective demand for safe and convenient energy to satisfy their various needs at competitive prices at all times and with a prescribed confidence level considering shocks and disruptions that can be reasonably expectedà ¢â‚¬  (Planning Commission, 2006) This definition includes the key aspects of energy security, including those related to poverty and economic growth. The idea that the provision of energy ought to be â€Å"irrespective of their ability to pay† is a slight departure from the definitions of energy security  accepted by several nations, which tend to be market oriented. By factoring in poverty and the inability of India’s citizens to pay for energy, it only stops short of according energy the status of a ‘right’. The income distribution angle is hence incorporated in the definition. Additionally, this definition accounts for India’s import dependency of energy and the possibility of disruptions in the supply. There is also a veiled reference to what would be considered an appropriate level of risk, although this has not been quantified due to the uncertainties involved. In the context of India’s energy security needs, Verma (2007) lays out a two principles to maintain energy security. He states that firstly, India must diversify the supply of energy, both by location and source. Secondly, he states that the resilience of energy systems must be maintained, which is a reference to â€Å"security margins† that act as buffers against shocks and provide facilities for recovery after disruptions. Resilience can come through spare capacity, strategic reserves, backup supplies of equipment, adequate storage capacity along supply change and the stocking of critical components of electricity generation. Any policy measures taken by the government need to thus needs to incorporate these conceptual frameworks. Understanding these concepts is necessary in order to pursue rational policy making in the energy domain. Of course, policy implementation would ultimately revolve around day-to-day governance issues, and fiscal, administrative and political bottlenecks.